http://ir.mu.ac.ke:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/5 2026-06-28T05:34:43Z http://ir.mu.ac.ke:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/10262 Confronting the TB-HIV syndemic in adolescents and young adults: a call to action in a time of Ccrisis A. Enane, Leslie; Leonard, Adam; Diero, Lameck; Marcy, Olivier; Marcel Yotebieng, Marcel 2026-03-17T00:00:00Z http://ir.mu.ac.ke:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/10249 Uteuzi wa lugha na mikakati ya kimawasiliano katika mandhari ya lugha mjini Eldoret Kuttuny, Serah N. Utafiti huu ulichunguza matumizi ya lugha na mikakati ya mawasiliano katika mandhari ya lugha mjini Eldoret. Madhumuni ya utafiti huu yalikuwa kubainisha maudhui mbali mbali na mzagao wao katika mabango,kutathmini kwendana kwa uteuzi wa lugha kwa matarajio ya hadhira lengwa na kuchunguza ufaafu wa vielelezo vya mabango kama mikakati ya kuwasilisha ujumbe kwa hadhira lengwa. Utafiti huu ulijikita katika madai ya nadharia ya lugha-tarajiwa na isiyotarajiwa, baadhi ya madai ya nadharia ya lugha-solo na lugha-bebwa na nadharia ya semiotiki. Data za utafiti huu zilikusanywa katika barabara mbili kuu zilizoteuliwa kimakusudi mjini Eldoret; barabara ya Oginga Odinga na barabara ya Uganda. Makundi manne ya vijana na wazee yalihojiwa na kurekodiwa katikati mwa mji wa Eldoret. Usampulishaji kusudio ulitumika. Matokeo ya utafiti huu yalidhihirisha maudhui mbali mbali na mzagao wao; benki (9.79%), elimu (1.39%), vinywaji (17.48%), bima (1.39%), uganga (0.69%), ajira (0.69%), vyakula (6.99%), Kamari (0.69%), habari na mawalisiano (18.88%), fenicha (0.69%), kilimo (9.09%), uchukuzi (9.09%), michezo (0.69%), bidhaa jumla (14.68%), matibabu (2.79%) na kongamano (2.79%). Pia, tuligundua ruwaza nne za uteuzi wa lugha; Kiingereza (49.65%), ubadilishaji msimbo (32.86%), Kiswahili (14.68%) na Kinandi (2.69%). Hatimaye, utafiti huu ulibainisha kuwa, uteuzi wa ujozi lugha katika mabango hayakuendana na matarajio ya hadhira. Hata hivyo, utafiti huu uling`amua kuwa matumizi ya viziada lugha kama vile picha, rangi na fonti mbali mbali hushadidisha mawasiliano katika matangazo ya mabango. Tasnifu hii inapendekeza kuwa, kwa kuwa mandhari ya lugha mjini Eldoret yameonyesha ubadilishaji msimbo na lugha zisizo thabiti za Sheng na Engsh huku lugha ya asili ya eneo la mji wa Eldoret, Kinandi, ikitumika kwa uchache sana. Ukweli ni kwamba haiwezekani kujumlisha hali ya mandhari ya lugha nchini Kenya kwa kujikita katika mji mmoja tu. Kwa hivyo, tunapendekeza utafiti zaidi uendeshwe katika miji mingine. 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z http://ir.mu.ac.ke:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/10245 A hybrid intrusion detection model for application Layer DDOS Attacks based on K-Means and Cart Algorithms Cheruiyot, Victor Kipngetich The increase in interconnectivity and advancement in network technologies have influenced a parallel rise in Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks, and the perpetrators have become sophisticated such that previously dependable tools and techniques have become ineffective. The purpose of the study was to design an intrusion detection model based on K-Means and CART algorithms, and train and test it using the CICDDoS2019 dataset, which represents application-layer DDOS attacks. The objectives of the study were to: Determine the existing application-layer intrusion detection techniques and models; Explore the weaknesses of existing intrusion detection models; Classify the dataset using individual K-Means and CART algorithms; Develop a hybrid intrusion detection model for application-layer DDoS attacks by combining K Means and CART algorithms; and evaluate the performance of the hybrid model. The study was designed as a quantitative experimental simulation. It adopted the empirical positivist paradigm. A machine learning theory and network security theory formed the theoretical framework. The Scikit-Learn libraries were employed using Python programming to perform the analysis. The study utilised secondary data obtained from the CICDDoS2019 dataset, containing 49.59 million records of 12 unlabelled DDoS attack types including NTP, DNS, LDAP, MSSQL, NetBIOS, SNMP, SSDP, UDP, UDP-Lag, WebDDoS, SYN, and TFTP. This research used simple random sampling to select 30000 records from each attack type, yielding a dataframe of 110,000 rows and 88 columns. The Unsupervised component of the experiment requires no training and testing sets. For the supervised component using the CART algorithm, the dataset was split into 67% for training and 33% for testing. Individually, the K-Means algorithm achieved homogeneity, completeness, and V-measure scores of 50.76%, 51.95%, and 51.35% respectively. On the other hand, CART was measured on accuracy, precision, recall/sensitivity, and F1-Score and it achieved scores of 74% on all counts. The hybrid model was fundamentally a CART algorithm improved by K-means clustered features and therefore was scored on the CART algorithm metrics basis. It scored 78% on accuracy, 79% on precision, 78% on recall, and 78.5% on F1-score. The dataset proved to have high dimensionality and complexity with multiple overlapping clusters. K-Means had an average performance proving its unsuitability for this type of dataset. CART algorithm had a relatively high success in identifying application layer DDoS attacks. The hybrid model achieved a better performance score compared to its constituent models as shown by the difference between the chosen metrics and their averages. This study concludes that our hybrid intrusion detection model can outperform existing K Mean and CART algorithms in terms of accuracy, precision, recall and F1 score. The study recommends that future studies should investigate a similar model using density based clustering algorithms like DBSCAN in place of K-Means in a similar setup. 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z http://ir.mu.ac.ke:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/10244 Leveraging Records Management in ensuring access to public information for sustainable Development in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya Kimitei, Mark Kipchumba Access to public information is crucial for sustainable development. However, in many countries of the world, especially in developing economies, this is an ideal whose achievement has faced challenges marked by limited technological infrastructure, fragmented records management systems and insufficient resources. In the Kenyan context, studies have revealed that challenges in records management affect access to public information for sustainable development. It was against this backdrop, that the present study sought to assess how records management can be leveraged to ensure access to public information for sustainable development in Uasin Gishu (UG) County. Consequently, the study addressed the following objectives namely to: examine the current records management practices in UG County; establish the link between UG County Integrated Development Plan (CIDP) and access to public information; evaluate the effectiveness of records management in ensuring access to public information as a prerequisite for the attainment of sustainable development in the County; and propose records management strategies that will enhance access to public information held by the County government as a means of promoting sustainable development. The study was anchored on two pivotal theoretical frameworks: The Records Continuum Model and the Process Model of Information Management. It was grounded on pragmatic research paradigm associated with mixed methods approach and intrinsic case study design. The population of the study was 110 respondents comprising, 10 County Executive Committee members (CECs), 15 Chief Officers (COs), and 30 Members of the County Assembly (MCAs) representing the public all of whom drive the development agenda of the County and 55 Records and Clerical Officers (RCOs) charged with the responsibility of records management. Given the small size of the population, a complete enumeration of the population (census sampling) was adopted. Quantitative data was collected from COs, RCOs and MCAs using questionnaires while qualitative data was collected through in-depth interviews with CECs, supplemented by observation and documentary review. Qualitative data was analyzed thematically and presented in a narrative description while quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics. The findings of the study revealed that UG County’s records management practices remain largely paper-based. The study also found that the County’s CIDP is aligned with access to public information for sustainable development, as evidenced by strong institutional commitment to transparency, stakeholder engagement, records management integration, and Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 16 albeit with implementation gaps. Similarly, the study also found that records management in the County is largely effective in supporting access to public information and sustainable development, though capacity, policy, and digitization gaps constrain full realization of its benefits. It further found that UG County is pursuing ICT-driven records management strategies to enhance access to public information. The study thus concluded that records management plays a critical role in providing access to public information for sustainable development. The study recommends that UG County government develops and implements a comprehensive records management policy, allocate adequate resources for the records management function, and conduct regular staff training in records management. 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z