Abstract:
Introduction: Data on drug resistance, viral outcomes and guidelines compliance following protease inhibitor (PI)-based
second-line failure in low- and middle-income countries are limited, particularly in the era of dolutegravir-containing antiretro-
viral therapy (ART).
Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of people living with HIV (PLWH) ≥3 years old with second-line viral
failure (VF, ≥1000 copies/ml) at the Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare from 2011 to 2021. We assessed resis-
tance prevalence and patterns at second-line VF, stratified by PI (atazanavir/ritonavir or lopinavir/ritonavir), and examined
correlations of resistance and treatment strategies with VF at 6–18 months post-genotype. Analyses employed inverse prob-
ability weighting, adjusting for calendar year, age, gender, ART duration, PI at genotyping and class-specific resistance, and
considered guidelines-supported versus unsupported strategies.
Results: Of 187 participants (median age 41 years, 54% female, 41% on atazanavir/ritonavir, 59% on lopinavir/ritonavir-based
ART), 91% had any resistance (NRTI 79%, NNRTI 80%, major PI 37%, dual-class 36%, triple-class 37%). Predicted resistance
to third-line options was 67% for etravirine or rilpivirine and 10% for darunavir/ritonavir. Despite higher resistance detected
on atazanavir/ritonavir versus lopinavir/ritonavir, predicted darunavir/ritonavir resistance was similar. At median 9 months
post-genotype, 95% of 173 participants with available data were on a guidelines-supported regimen (55% second-line; 45%
third-line, 86% dolutegravir-based), of whom 28% had post-genotype VF. Of the 5% not on guidelines-supported regimens,
71% had post-genotype VF. Adjusted odds of VF were higher for guidelines-unsupported versus supported regimens (OR =
4.52; 95% CI 1.02−26.24), and odds of VF were 97% lower for those on third-line versus second-line (OR = 0.07; 95% CI
0.02−0.20).
Conclusions: We found high levels of drug resistance and early VF following PI-based second-line failure in Kenya. Treatment
guidelines compliance and switches to third-line, even within guidelines recommendations, improved early viral outcomes.
Findings highlight the vulnerability of PLWH with advanced ART experience and resistance profiles, and the importance of
following guidelines and improving access to third-line and drug resistance testing, particularly in the new ART era.
