Effects of safety net programmes on livelihoods of vulnerable groups in Turkana south sub-County, Kenya

Abstract

Safety Net Programs (SNPs) are crucial for protecting vulnerable populations globally. In Kenya, like other sub-Saharan countries, these programs aim to ensure adequate cash flow in local markets, stable food supplies, reduced hunger, and promote sustainable livelihoods. In Turkana County, where 77.7% of households live in poverty and Turkana South Sub-County records 97.9%, the actual effects of SNPs on the livelihoods of vulnerable groups remain under-researched, creating a significant knowledge gap. Additionally, a methodological gap exists in previous studies, as many have relied heavily on either qualitative or quantitative approaches in isolation, limiting a comprehensive understanding of the programs’ impacts. The study's objectives were to: Examine the nature of cash and food transfer programmes in Turkana South Sub-County; To analyze the effects of cash transfer programs on Livelihoods of Vulnerable groups in Turkana South sub-county; To analyze the effects of Food transfer program on Livelihood of Vulnerable groups in Turkana South sub-county; To assess the sustainability of safety net programs on livelihoods in Turkana south-sub-county. The research was guided by the Standard Economic Theory and the Theory of Change. This study, therefore, employed a convergent mixed-method design by involving 150 beneficiaries (57 cash and 93 food transfer recipients) selected through stratified random sampling and determined using the Kothari Formula and 25 purposively selected key informants from state and non-state actors. Data was collected through oral interviews, focus group discussions, key informant interviews, and questionnaires, supplemented by secondary data from government and NGO reports. Qualitative data was analyzed thematically, and quantitative data was analyzed descriptively. Findings revealed that cash transfers enhance income stability and food security, while food transfers reduce malnutrition and improve community health. Beneficiary preferences were 41% for cash, 39% for food, and 20% for either option. Recommendations include adopting conditional cash transfers, integrating SNPs with climate-smart agricultural initiatives, promoting economic inclusion, and ensuring sustained government support. The study concludes that well-coordinated and adequately funded safety nets can significantly strengthen household resilience and promote sustainable livelihoods in Turkana South.